6mmproshop Full Metal 1:1 Scale Airsoft Wwii M9a1 Bazooka Grenade Launcher

6mmproshop Full Metal 1:1 Scale Airsoft Wwii M9a1 Bazooka Grenade Launcher

Man-portable recoilless rocket antitank weapon

Recoilless rocket anti-tank weapon

Bazooka
M1 bazooka
Type	Recoilless rocket anti-tank weapon
Identify of origin	United states
Service history
In service	1942–nowadays
Used by	Meet Users
Wars	World State of war II Chinese Civil War Start Indochina War Korean War Algerian War Vietnam War Bay of Pigs Invasion Yom Kippur War[1] Falklands War
Production history
Designer	Edward Uhl[2]
Designed	1942
Produced	June 1942 – May 1945 (two.36 inch bazookas)
No. built	112,790 (M1)[3] 59,932 (M1A1)[4] 26,087 (M9)[5] 277,819 (M9A1)[5]  ? (M20) i,500 (M25)[6]

Bazooka (/bəˈzuːkə/)^[7] is the common name for a man-portable recoilless anti-tank rocket launcher weapon, widely deployed past the United States Army, specially during World War II. As well referred to every bit the "Stovepipe", the innovative bazooka was amongst the beginning generation of rocket-propelled anti-tank weapons used in infantry gainsay. Featuring a solid-propellant rocket for propulsion, it immune for loftier-explosive anti-tank (Rut) warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles, machine gun nests, and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine. The universally-applied nickname arose from the M1 variant'south vague resemblance to the instrument chosen a "bazooka" invented and popularized past 1930s U.Southward. comedian Bob Burns.

During World War Ii, German armed services captured several bazookas in early on N Africa^{[8] [nine]} and Eastern Forepart encounters and soon opposite engineered their ain version,^[8] increasing the warhead bore to eight.eight cm (among other minor changes) and widely issuing it equally the Raketenpanzerbüchse "Panzerschreck" ("rocket anti-armor rifle 'tank scare'").^[8] Near the finish of the state of war, the Japanese developed a similar weapon, the Type four seventy mm AT Rocket Launcher, which featured a rocket propelled grenade of a different design.^[x]

The term "bazooka" still sees informal apply as a generic term^[11] referring to whatsoever ground-to-footing shoulder-fired missile weapon (mainly rocket propelled grenade launchers or recoilless rifles), and as an expression that "heavy measures" are being taken.^[11]

History [edit]

Design and development [edit]

The development of the bazooka involved the development of 2 specific lines of applied science: the rocket-powered weapon, and the shaped-charge warhead. It was also designed for easy maneuverability and access.

World War I [edit]

The rocket-powered weapon was the brainchild of Robert H. Goddard as a side project (under Army contract) of his work on rocket propulsion. Goddard, during his tenure at Clark University, and while working at Worcester Polytechnic Plant'southward magnetic lab and Mountain Wilson Observatory (for security reasons), designed a tube-fired rocket for military machine use during Earth State of war I. He and his co-worker, Clarence N. Hickman, successfully demonstrated his rocket to the US Regular army Bespeak Corps at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, on November half dozen, 1918, only as the Compiègne Ceasefire was signed only 5 days later, further development was discontinued. The delay in the evolution of the bazooka was as a result of Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis. Goddard connected to exist a part-time consultant to the Us government at Indian Caput, Maryland, until 1923, only soon turned his focus to other projects involving rocket propulsion. Hickman after became head of the National Defence force Research Committee in the 1940s where he guided rocket evolution for the war effort, including completing the evolution of the bazooka.^[12]

Shaped charge evolution [edit]

Shaped charge engineering science was developed in the Us into a shaped charge hand grenade for use past infantry, constructive at defeating upward to 60 mm (two.four in) of vehicle armor. The grenade was standardized as the M10. However, the M10 grenade weighed 3.5 lb (one.half dozen kg) and so was hard to throw by manus, and was too heavy to be launched as a burglarize grenade. The only practical way to use the weapon was for an infantryman to place information technology directly on the tank, an unlikely ways of delivery in most combat situations. A smaller, less powerful, version of the M10, the M9, was then developed, which could be fired from a rifle. This resulted in the creation of a serial of burglarize grenade launchers, the M1 (Springfield M1903), the M2 (Enfield M1917), the M7 (M1 Garand), and the M8 (M1 carbine). However, a truly capable anti-tank weapon had yet to exist plant, and following the lead of other countries at the time, the U.S. Army prepared to evaluate competing designs for a more constructive homo-portable anti-tank weapon.^{[13] [fourteen]}

The combination of rocket motor and shaped charge warhead led to the Army's evolution of light antitank weapons.^[15]

Rocket-borne shaped charge weapons development [edit]

In 1942, U.Due south. Army colonel, Leslie Skinner, received the M10 shaped-charge grenade which was capable of stopping German tanks. He gave Lieutenant Edward Uhl the job of creating a delivery organization for the grenade. Uhl created a minor rocket, merely needed to protect the firer from the rocket's exhaust. According to Uhl,

I was walking by this fleck pile, and there was a tube that... happened to be the same size every bit the grenade that we were turning into a rocket. I said, That's the answer! Put the tube on a soldier'south shoulder with the rocket inside, and abroad it goes.^[2]

An M1 bazooka with M6A1 and M6A3 rockets

By late 1942, the improved Rocket Launcher, M1A1 was introduced. The forward hand grip was deleted, and the blueprint simplified. The production M1A1 was 55 inches (ane.37 m) long and weighed 12.75 pounds (5.8 kg).

The ammunition for the original M1 launcher was the M6, which was notoriously unreliable. The M6 was improved and designated M6A1, and the new ammunition was issued with the improved M1A1 launcher. After the M6, several alternative warheads were introduced. Many older M1 launchers were modified to M1A1 standards in July and August 1943, with batches of M6 rockets also beingness modified with the latest ignition systems to be able to be fired from the modified M1 launchers; these rockets were designated M6A2.^[xvi] The M6A3 rocket featured a blunt, rounded nose to lessen the chances of information technology ricocheting off of angled armor, and was meant to be fired from the M9, and later M9A1, launchers. Late in World War Ii, the M6A4 and M6A5 rockets with improved fuses were adult. These rockets arrived too late to see service during the war, but were used mail-state of war.

The 2.36 inch (lx mm) smoke rocket M10 and its improved subvariants (M10A1, M10A2, M10A4) used the rocket motor and fin assembly of the M6A1, but replaced the anti-tank warhead with a white phosphorus (WP) smoke caput. WP smoke not only acts as a visibility screen, but its called-for particles can cause severe injuries to skin. The M10 was therefore used to mark targets, to bullheaded enemy gunners or vehicle drivers, or to drive troops out of bunkers and dugouts.^[17] The 2.36-inch incendiary rocket T31 was an M10 variant with an incendiary warhead designed to ignite fires in enemy-held structures and unarmored vehicles, or to destroy combustible supplies, armament, and materiel; it was not often utilized.

The original M1 and M1A1 rocket launchers were equipped with simple stock-still sights and used launch tubes without reinforcements. During the war, the M1A1 received a number of running modifications. The bombardment specification was inverse to a larger, standard battery prison cell size, resulting in complaints of batteries getting stuck in the woods shoulder rest (the compartment was afterwards reamed out to adjust the larger cells).^[18] The M1 and M1A1 used a rear iron sight and a front rectangular "ladder" sight positioned at the cage. The vertical sides of the ladder sight were inscribed with graduations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 yards, with the user elevating the bazooka so the rear sight lined up with the selected "rung" on the front end sight. On the M9, the ladder sight was replaced by the General Electric T43 aperture sight. Ranging was accomplished by looking through the rear sight's peep hole while rotating the assembly (which had graduations of 100, 200, and 300 yards) so it lined up with the bract positioned at the muzzle. In September 1944, during the production of the M9A1, the T43 sight was replaced by the Polaroid T90 optical reflector sight, which used an etched reticle for aiming. The T43 and T90 sights were interchangeable.^[16] Various types of smash deflectors were tried, and an additional strap iron shoulder brace was fitted to the M9 launcher.

The bazooka required special care when used in tropical or arctic climates or in severe dust or sand conditions. Rockets were non to be fired at temperatures below 0 °F or above 120 °F (−18 °C to +49 °C).^[19]

Field experience induced changes [edit]

In 1943, field reports of rockets sticking and prematurely detonating in M1A1 launch tubes were received by Army Ordnance at Ogden Arsenal and other production facilities. At the US Army'south Aberdeen Proving Grounds, various metal collars and wire wrapping were used on the canvass metal launch tube in an try to reinforce it. Notwithstanding, reports of premature detonation continued until the development of bore slug examination gauges to ensure that the rocket did not catch inside the launch tube.^[xx]

The original M6 and M6A1 rockets used in the M1 and M1A1 launchers had a pointed olfactory organ, which was institute to cause deflection from the target at low affect angles. In tardily 1943, some other two.36-in rocket blazon was adopted, the M6A3, for use with the newly standardized M9 rocket launcher.^[13] The M6A3 was 19.iv inches (493 mm) long, and weighed 3.38 lb (1.53 kg). It had a blunted, more than circular nose to improve target effect at low angles, and a new circular fin associates to better flight stability. The M6A3 was capable of penetrating iii.five–4 inches (89–102 mm) of armor plate.

Bombardment problems in the early bazookas somewhen resulted in replacement of the battery-powered ignition system with a magneto sparker system operated through the trigger. A trigger rubber was incorporated into the blueprint that isolated the magneto, preventing misfires that could occur when the trigger was released and the stored charge prematurely fired the rocket. The final major change was the division of the launch tube into two discrete sections, with bayonet-joint attachments. This was done to make the weapon more convenient to conduct, particularly for use by airborne forces. The concluding two-slice launcher was standardized as the M9A1. In September 1944, the delicate folding aperture sight was replaced by a Polaroid optical reflector sight^[xvi] However, the long list of incorporated modifications increased the launcher's tube length to 61 inches (one.55 m), with an overall empty weight of 14.iii lb (half-dozen.v kg). From its original conception as a relatively light, handy, and disposable weapon, the final M9A1 launcher had become a heavy, clumsy, and relatively circuitous piece of equipment.^{[21] [ dubious – hash out ]}

In October 1944, after receiving reports of inadequate combat effect of the M1A1 and M9 launchers and their M6A1 rockets, and after examining captured examples of the German viii.8 cm RPzB 43 and RPzB 54 Panzerschreck, the U.S. Ordnance Corps began development on a new, more powerful anti-tank rocket launcher, the 3.5-inch (90 mm) M20. However, the weapon's design was not completed until after the war and saw no action against an enemy until the Korean State of war.^[22]

In 1945, the U.S. Army's Chemical Warfare Service standardized improved chemical warfare rockets intended for the new M9 and M9A1 launchers, adopting the M26 gas rocket, a cyanogen chloride (CK)-filled warhead for the ii.36-in rocket launcher.^[23] CK, a deadly claret agent, was capable of penetrating the protective filter barriers in some gas masks,^[24] and was seen as an effective agent confronting Japanese forces (particularly those hiding in caves or bunkers), whose gas masks lacked the impregnants that would provide protection against the chemical reaction of CK.^{[23] [25] [26]} While stockpiled in U.s. inventory, the CK rocket was never deployed or issued to combat personnel.^[23]

Aviation apply [edit]

Post-obit Operation Overlord in 1944, the military version of the deadening-flying Piper J-iii Cub high-wing civilian monoplane, the L-4 Grasshopper, began to be used in a light anti-armor role by a few U.S. Regular army artillery spotter units over France; these shipping were field-outfitted with either two or four bazookas attached to the lift struts,^[27] against German armored fighting vehicles. Upon arriving in French republic in 1944, US Regular army major, Charles Carpenter, an Army aviator flying liaison and artillery-spotting lightplanes like the military version of the Piper J-iii Cub, the Fifty-4 Grasshopper, was issued a new L-4H version during the concluding stages of "Overlord", taking this "lite attack" office against High german armor by himself. With a 150-pound airplane pilot and no radio aboard, the Fifty-4H had a combined cargo and passenger weight chapters of approximately 232 pounds.^{[28] [29]} This margin allowed him to eventually mount a full of six bazookas, three per side on the lift struts as other L-4s had washed.^{[27] [30]}

Within a few weeks, Carpenter was credited with knocking out a German armored car and iv tanks. Carpenter's plane was known equally "Rosie the Rocketer", and his exploits were soon featured in numerous press accounts, including Stars and Stripes, the Associated Printing, Popular Scientific discipline, The New York Sun, and Freedom Magazine. Carpenter once told a reporter that his idea of fighting a state of war was to "attack, attack and so assail again".^[31] During the critical late-September Boxing of Arracourt, Carpenter managed to attain disabling hits on several German armored cars and two Panther tanks, forth with killing or wounding a dozen or more enemy soldiers.^{[29] [32] [ dubious – hash out ]}

In the opening months of the Korean War, in August 1950, a articulation US Navy and Marine Corps test used a newly-acquired Bell HTL-iv helicopter to examination if a bazooka could be fired from a helicopter in flight. One of the larger, 3.5 inch, models of the Bazooka was chosen, and was mounted alee and to the right of the helicopter to permit the door to remain articulate. The bazooka was successfully tested, although it was discovered that it would require shielding for the engine compartment, which was exposed in the model 47 and other early helicopters. The helicopter itself belonged to HMX-1, a Marine experimental helicopter squadron.^[33]

Origin of the "bazooka" name [edit]

Shortly after the first prototype launcher and rockets had been tested past firing into the Potomac River, Skinner and Uhl took the new system to a competitive trial of various types of spigot mortar (at that time seen as the virtually promising manner to deliver a shaped accuse), which was held at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in May 1942. The new rocket launcher scored several hits on a moving tank while the 5 unlike mortars achieved none; this was a considerable achievement since the launcher's sights had been made that morning from a wire coat hanger aptitude with a cleaved nail.^[34] The trial was being watched past various senior officers, among them the main of research and engineering in the Ordnance Department, Major General Gladeon Thousand. Barnes. Barnes was delighted past the functioning of the organization and fired it himself, but commented: "It sure looks like Bob Burns' bazooka". Bob Burns was a popular radio comedian, who used a novelty musical musical instrument which he had devised himself and chosen a "bazooka".^{[35] [36]}

Operational employ [edit]

World War 2 [edit]

American soldier with M1A1 bazooka on August 23, 1944 nigh Fontainebleau, French republic

In September 1942, a assignment of 600 M1 bazookas was shipped to Egypt for employ by the British Army in the Western Desert entrada. In a demonstration to British commanders, a bazooka penetrated the frontal armor of a captured Panzer Iii; however information technology was decided that the desert terrain lacked the concealment required for such a curt range weapon and information technology was not deployed in that theater.^[37] In Nov 1942 during Functioning Torch, early production versions of the M1 launcher and M6 rocket were hastily supplied to some of the U.Due south. invasion forces during the landings in North Africa. On the night before the landings, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower was shocked to observe from a subordinate that none of his troops had received any instruction in the employ of the bazooka.^[38]

Initially supplied with the highly unreliable M6 rocket and without training for its operators, the M1 did non play a significant armed role in combat in the North African fighting,^[22] just did provide a German language intelligence coup^[8] when some were captured past the Germans in early on encounters with inexperienced U.S. troops. A U.S. full general visiting the Tunisian front end in 1943 after the close of combat operations could not find any soldiers who could study that the weapon had actually stopped an enemy tank.^[22] Farther issue of the bazooka was suspended in May 1943.

A U.South. soldier fires an M9 bazooka at a German language machine gun nest, Lucca 1944

During the Allied invasion of Sicily, minor numbers of the M1A1 bazooka (using an improved rocket, the M6A1) were used in gainsay past U.S. forces. The M1A1 deemed for four medium High german tanks and a heavy Tiger I, with the latter existence knocked out by an improbable hitting through the driver's vision slot.^[22]

When the existence of the bazooka was revealed to the American public, official press releases for the kickoff two years stated that it "packed the wallop of a 155 mm cannon"—a great exaggeration.^[39]

In tardily 1942, numbers of early-product American M1 bazookas were captured by German troops from Ruddy Regular army forces who had been given quantities of the bazooka nether lend-lease. There were besides examples captured during the Operation Torch invasions in the Northward African Campaign.^[8] The Germans promptly adult their own version of the weapon called the Panzerschreck, increasing the bore of the warhead from 60 mm to 88 mm (ii.4 to iii.five in), which as a result, gave information technology significantly greater armor penetration. During U.S. trials of the M1, calls for a larger-diameter warhead had besides been raised by some ordnance officers just were rejected. Later in the war, after participating in an armor penetration examination involving a German Panther tank using both the Raketenpanzerbüchse, or RPzB 54 Panzerschreck and the U.S. M9 bazooka, Corporal Donald East. Lewis of the U.South. Regular army informed his superiors that the Panzerschreck was "far superior to the American bazooka": 'I was so favorably impressed [past the Panzerschreck] I was ready to take after the Krauts with their own weapon.'^[40]

The M1 bazooka fared much ameliorate on the rare occasions when information technology could exist used against the much thinner armor typically fitted to the lower sides, undersides, and tops of enemy tanks. To hit the lesser of an enemy tank, the bazooka operator had to wait until the tank was surmounting a steep hill or other obstruction, while hitting the peak armor usually necessitated firing the rocket from the upper story of a edifice or a similar, elevated, position. Even the heavy King Tiger tank but possessed hull and turret top armor of 44 mm (1+ 3⁄4 in) thickness at best, capable of beingness pierced by the bazooka's shaped-charge rocket. During the 1944 Centrolineal offensive in France, when some examples of liaison aircraft with the U.Southward. Regular army began to be experimentally field-armed, and were already flying with pairs or quartets of the American ordnance^[27]—and most notably used during the Boxing of Arracourt—Major Charles "Bazooka Charlie" Carpenter mounted a battery of three M9 bazookas on the wing-to-fuselage struts on each side of his L-4 Grasshopper aircraft in order to attack enemy armor, and was credited with destroying six enemy tanks, including two Tiger I heavy tanks.^{[30] [41]} In the hands of American infantry the bazooka all the same enjoyed rare successes against heavy Nazi armored fighting vehicles. In 1945, during the failed Functioning Nordwind offensive, a bazooka team managed the unlikely achievement of destroying a Jagdtiger heavy tank destroyer, the most heavily armored fighting vehicle in World War Two. The squad managed to do this by positioning themselves to get a shot at the massive vehicle's thinner side armor, scoring a direct hit on the ammunition hurry and causing a catastrophic kill. This incident shows that when correctly aimed at vulnerable points on vehicles the bazooka could still exist effective against even the largest of armored vehicles, though it required significant skill to accomplish.^[42]

A German StuG III with "Schürzen" armor skirts

Despite the introduction of the M9 bazooka with its improved rocket—the M6A3—in late 1943, reports of the weapon's effectiveness against enemy armor decreased drastically in the latter stages of World War Two. New German tanks with thicker and meliorate-designed armor plate appeared, and Schürzen armor skirts, originally intended to defeat Soviet antitank rifles merely that also proved constructive in defeating the bazooka'due south shaped charge warhead, were fitted. This development forced bazooka operators to target less well-protected areas of the vehicle, such equally the tracks, drive sprockets, route wheels, or engine compartment. In a letter dated May 20, 1944, Gen. George South. Patton stated to a colleague that "the purpose of the bazooka is not to hunt tanks offensively, simply to be used as a final resort in keeping tanks from overrunning infantry. To insure this, the range should be held to around 30 yards."^[22]

In the Pacific campaign, equally in North Africa, the original bazookas sent to combat oftentimes had reliability issues. The battery-operated firing circuit was easily damaged during crude handling, and the rocket motors often failed considering of high temperatures and exposure to wet, table salt air, or humidity. With the introduction of the M1A1 and its more reliable rocket ammunition, the bazooka was effective against some fixed Japanese infantry emplacements such every bit small concrete bunkers and pillboxes.^{[43] [44]} Against coconut and sand emplacements, the weapon was non always effective, every bit these softer structures often reduced the force of the warhead's impact enough to prevent detonation of the explosive charge.^[45] Later in the Pacific state of war, Regular army and Marine units often used the M2 flamethrower to attack such emplacements.^[45] In the few instances in the Pacific where the bazooka was used against tanks and armored vehicles, the rocket's warhead easily penetrated the thin armor plate used past the Japanese and destroyed the vehicle.^[46] Overall, the M1A1, M9, and M9A1 rocket launchers were viewed equally useful and effective weapons during World War 2, though they had been primarily employed against enemy emplacements and stock-still fortifications, not as anti-tank weapons.^[40] General Dwight Eisenhower later on described it as one of the four "tools of victory" which won World War 2 for the Allies (together with the atom bomb, Jeep and the C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft).^{[47] [48]}

During the war, bazookas were lend-leased to the United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, Mainland china, and Free French forces likewise every bit the Soviet Union. Some were supplied to French maquis and Yugoslav partisans.^[49]

Korean War [edit]

The success of the more powerful German Panzerschreck caused the bazooka to be completely redesigned at the close of World War Two. A larger, three.v in (89 mm) model was adopted, the M20 "super bazooka". Though bearing a superficial resemblance to the Panzerschreck, the M20 had greater constructive range, penetrating capability and was nearly 20% lighter than its German counterpart. The M20 weighed xiv.3 pounds (6.5 kg) and fired a hollow shaped-charge 9 lb (4 kg) M28A2 HEAT rocket when used in an anti-tank role. It was also operated by a two-man team and had a rate of fire of vi shots per minute. As with its predecessor, the M20 could also fire rockets with either exercise (M29A2) or WP fume (T127E3/M30) warheads. Having learned from experience of the sensitivity of the bazooka and its ammunition to moisture and harsh environments, the ammunition for the new weapon was packaged in moisture-resistant packaging, and the M20's field transmission contained extensive instructions on launcher lubrication and maintenance, as well as storage of rocket ammunition.^{[50] [51]} When prepared for shipment from the armory, the weapon was protected past antifungal coatings over all electrical contacts, in improver to a cosmoline coating in the hand-operated magneto that ignited the rocket. Upon effect, these coatings were removed with solvent to ready the M20 for actual firing.

A 3.5 inch bazooka rocket—loader grooming projectile

Budget cutbacks initiated by Secretarial assistant of Defense force Louis A. Johnson in the years following Globe War 2 effectively canceled the intended widespread issue of the M20, and initial U.S. forces deploying to Korea were armed solely with the M9/M9A1 ii.36-in. launcher and old stockpiled Globe War II inventories of M6A3 rocket ammunition. During the initial stages of the Korean War, complaints resurfaced over the ineffectiveness of the 2.36-inch M9 and M9A1 confronting Soviet-supplied enemy armor. In 1 notable incident, infantry blocking forces of the U.S. Army'south Chore Force Smith were overrun by 33 Northward Korean T-34-85 tanks despite repeatedly firing 2.36 inch rockets into the rear engine compartments of the vehicles.^{[52] [53]} Additionally, ordnance authorities received numerous combat reports regarding the failure of the M6A3 warhead to properly detonate upon bear upon, eventually traced to inventories of rocket ammunition that had deteriorated from numerous years of storage in humid or table salt air environments. Supplies of 3.5- in M20 launchers with M28A2 HEAT rocket ammunition were hurriedly airlifted from the United States to South Korea, where they proved very effective against the T-34 and other Soviet tanks.^[54] Large numbers of 2.36-inch bazookas that were captured during the Chinese Ceremonious War were besides employed past the Chinese forces against the American Sherman and Patton tanks,^[55] and the Chinese later on opposite engineered and produced a re-create of the M20 designated the Type 51.^[56] Information technology is considered that the Communist-used bazookas destroyed more tanks than the United nations bazookas did.^[57]

Vietnam War [edit]

The M20 was used in the early stages of the state of war in Vietnam by the U.S. Marines before gradually existence phased out by the mid-1960s in favor of the M67 recoilless burglarize and later, the M72 LAW rocket. The U.S. Army also used it in lesser quantity. While occasions to destroy enemy armored vehicles proved exceedingly rare, it was employed against enemy fortifications and emplacements with success.^[58] The M20 remained in service with Southward Vietnamese and indigenous forces until the late 1960s.^[59]

The Vietnam People's Army also developed their own bazooka nether the direction of Tran Dai Nghia. Information technology was successfully test-fired in 1947.^{[60] [61]} The anti-French Viet Minh received Chinese Type 51 bazookas. They were used by the Viet Cong as late every bit 1964.^[59]

Other conflicts [edit]

The Portuguese War machine used quantities of M9A1 and M20 rocket launchers in their overseas provinces in Africa confronting Marxist guerrilla forces during the Portuguese Overseas War.^{[ citation needed ]} The French Army also used the M9A1 and M20A1 launchers in various campaigns in Indochina,^[62] Korea,^[63] and Algeria. The M20A1 was replaced in the 1970s by the LRAC F1.^[62] Commonwealth armies also used the M20 and M20A1 under the name M20 Mk I and M20 Mk Two. They were used until their replacement by the Carl Gustav L14A1. For instance, British Army used Super Bazookas during the Operation Vantage.^[64]

The Argentine Army fielded M20s during the Falklands War.^[65]

Variants [edit]

Rocket Launcher, M1 "bazooka" [edit]

• Outset issued June 14, 1942 past Capt. L.A. Skinner
• Used the M6 Estrus and M7 practice rockets (60 mm warhead).
• Could penetrate up to three inches (76 mm) of armor^{[ citation needed ]}
• Velocity of 265 ft/south (81 yard/due south; 181 mph)
• Overall length: 54 in (1.iv thousand).
• Weight (unloaded): xviii lb (eight.2 kg).

Rocket Launcher, M1A1 "bazooka" [edit]

• Improved electrical arrangement
• Simplified design
• Used the M6A1 HEAT and M7A1 do rockets
• Forward hand grip removed
• Contact box removed
• Supplanted the M1 in production beginning in July 1943
• Overall length: 54.5 inches (one,380 mm)
• Weight (unloaded): 13.26 pounds (6.01 kg)

Rocket Launcher, M9 "bazooka" [edit]

• Battery ignition replaced by trigger magneto
• Could exist disassembled into ii halves for easier carrying^[66]
• Metal instead of wooden article of furniture
• Used the improved M6A3 HEAT, M7A3 practise, and M10 bursting smoke (white phosphorus) rockets (weight: iii.iv lbs., velocity: 265 feet per second)
• Could penetrate up to 4 inches (102 mm) of armor
• Supplanted the M1A1 in production start in October 1943
• Overall length: 61 inches (1,500 mm) stock-still / 31.5 inches (800 mm) disassembled
• Weight (unloaded): xv.fourteen pounds (6.87 kg)

Rocket Launcher, M9A1 "bazooka" [edit]

An optical reflector sight replaced the iron sights starting time in September 1944.^[16] The M9A1 supplanted the M9 in production beginning in June 1944. It had an improved coupling mechanism for the launch tube; the overall length was 61.one in (ane.55 k) and 31.5 in (800 mm) when folded. Unloaded weight was 15.87 lb (7.20 kg).

Rocket Launcher, M18 "bazooka" [edit]

• Experimental version of the M9A1 made from aluminum alloy
• Ordered in late summer 1945, canceled at state of war'south end
• Weight (unloaded): 10.5 pounds (4.8 kg)

Rocket Launcher, M20 "super bazooka" [edit]

Super bazooka (mislabeled "SAM-seven shoulder-launched anti-shipping missile, Russian made") in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel-Aviv, Israel

• Larger, 3.five in (88.ix mm) caliber, warhead (Panzerschreck was 88 mm caliber)
• Could penetrate upwardly to 11 inches (280 mm) of armor
• Extended range by about 150 m
• Originally a larger version of the M9A1, designated M20 in late 1944
• Entered active service merely before the beginning of the Korean War

Rocket Launcher, M20A1 "super bazooka" [edit]

• Product improved variant with improved connector latch assembly, entering product in 1952^[67]
• Improved version of the M20

Rocket Launcher, M20B1 "super bazooka" [edit]

• Lightweight version with barrels made of cast aluminum, other components simplified
• Used as a supplement to the M20

Rocket Launcher, M20A1B1 "super bazooka" [edit]

• M20B1 upgraded with M20A1 improvements

Rocket Launcher, M25 "three shot bazooka" [edit]

• Experimental tripod mounted rocket launcher with overhead magazine circa 1955^[68]

RL-83 Blindicide [edit]

• RL-83 Blindicide: An improved "bazooka" design of Belgian origin. Used by Belgian forces during the Congo Crisis and by the Swiss Army, Mexican Army and Israeli Army and various other armed forces.
• The Blindicide was not a direct derivative of the M20 pattern, beingness smaller caliber (83 mm not 88.9 mm). The aluminium launch tube was externally reinforced with drinking glass reinforced plastic.
• The launch tube could be folded to just over half the opened length which made it far easier to acquit into combat.
• The Blindicide rocket had another major difference from the "super bazooka" in that it was mechanically fired with a percussion cap system, the launcher having a unproblematic mechanical hammer with a firing pin, that was cocked by the loader. At that place were two safety levers, one on the aimer's pistol grip, and some other at the rear of the launch tube for the protection of the loader.
• Because no electrical connection had to exist made betwixt rocket and launcher, reload time was faster than for the "super bazooka" and a good team could fire off six rockets per minute.
• Blindicide rockets were designed to spin in flight, half-dozen of the rocket's exhaust ports were angled to impart spin. While spinning the rocket improved accuracy, centrifugal forces acting on the explosive jet tended to spread the jet, impacting the thickness of armor that it could penetrate.

3.5 in Hydroar M20A1B1 Rocket Launcher [edit]

• Brazil, manufactured by Hydroar SA—improved iii.5 M20A1B1. A hand grip with solid land firing circuit powered by two AA cells replaced the U.S.-designed paw grip with magneto trigger.^[69]

88.9 mm Instalaza M65 [edit]

• Developed past Instalaza for use past the Spanish Regular army, the M65 was an improved version of the M20 "super bazooka". It used an improved ignition method and new armament types.^[70] The bachelor ammunition used were the CHM65 (HEAT), MB66 (dual-purpose), and FIM66 (fume) shells.^{[ citation needed ]} Older versions were designated M53 and M58.^[71]

Specifications [edit]

M1 [edit]

• Length: 54 in (137 cm)
• Caliber: 2.36 in (60 mm)
• Weight: xiii lb (5.9 kg)
• Warhead: M6 or M6A2 shaped charge (iii.v lb, 1.59 kg)
• Range
  • Maximum: 400 yards (370 m)
  • Effective: (claimed) 150 yards (140 m)
• Crew: ii, operator and loader

M1A1 [edit]

• Length: 54 in (137 cm)
• Quotient: two.36 in (60 mm)
• Weight: 12.75 lb (five.viii kg)
• Warhead: M6A1 shaped charge (3.5 lb, one.59 kg)
• Range
  • Maximum: 400 yards (370 m)
  • Effective: (claimed) 150 yards (140 m)
• Crew: two, operator and loader

M9/M9A1 [edit]

• Length: 61 in (155 cm)
• Caliber: 2.36 in (60 mm)
• Weight: xiv.3 lb (6.5 kg)
• Warhead: M6A3 shaped charge (3.5 lb, one.59 kg)
• Range
  • Maximum: 400–500 yards (370–460 m)
  • Effective: (claimed) 120 yards (110 g)
• Coiffure: two, operator and loader (M9 and M9A1)

M20A1/A1B1 [edit]

• Length (when assembled for firing): 60 in (one,524 mm)
• Caliber: 3.five in (90 mm)
• Weight (unloaded): M20A1: fourteen.iii lb (6.v kg); M20A1B1: 13 lb (5.9 kg)
• Warhead: M28A2 Rut (nine lb) or T127E3/M30 WP (8.96 lb)
• Range
  • Maximum: one thousand yd (913 thou)
  • Effective (stationary target/moving target): 300 yd (270 m) / 200 yd (180 thou)
• Crew: two, operator and loader

Users [edit]

• Argentina: Super bazooka,^[64] replaced by AT4
• Australia: Super bazooka^[64]
• Austria: Super bazooka^[64]
• Bangladesh: RL-83.^{[ citation needed ]}, super bazooka acquired from Pakistan in 1971^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Belgium: RL-83^[72]
• Republic of bolivia: Super bazooka^[64]
• Brazil: Bazooka^[73] and Super Bazooka^[69]
• Cambodia^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Canada: Bazooka^[49] and Super Bazooka^[64]
• Chile: Super bazooka^[74]
• Cuba: Super bazooka^[64] During the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the anti-Castrist Brigade 2506 used 2.36-in bazookas against Castro's T-34s.^[75]
• Cyprus^{[ commendation needed ]}
• El Salvador: Super bazooka^[74]
• France: Bazooka^[49] and Super Bazooka^[62]
• Hellenic republic: Super bazooka^[76]
• Guatemala: Super bazooka^[74]
• Republic of guinea-bissau: Super bazooka^[74]
• Indonesia: Super bazooka^[74]
• Republic of india: Super bazooka^[64]
• Republic of iraq: Super bazooka^[77]
• Israel: M20A1^[1]
• Italy: M20A1 and RL-83 variants^[78]
• Japan: JGSDF used super bazookas,^[64] replaced by the Carl Gustav recoilless rifles
• Liberia: Super bazooka^[74]
• Luxembourg: Super bazooka^[64]
• Malaysia: Super bazooka^[79]
• Malawi: Super bazooka^[74]
• Mexico^[80]
• Morocco: Super bazooka M20^[81]
• Myanmar: M9A1 and M20 super bazooka^[64]
• Nazi Germany: Used captured M1s equally 6 cm Raketenpanzerbüchse 788 (a) ^[82]
• Netherlands: The M9A1 was used for a short menstruum of fourth dimension by the Dutch Ground forces as the Raketwerper 2,36 inch. It served from the beginning of the 1950s to the terminate of the 1960s with the Landmacht as an instructional weapon, with the Troepenmacht in Suriname (TRIS, troop force in Surinam, role of the Landmacht), and the Nederlands Detachement Verenigde Naties (N.D.5.N.), Dutch Disengagement United nations) in 1950–1951 during the Korean War.^[83] During the Korean War, the 2.36-inch bazooka was replaced by the iii.5-inch M20. Although information technology replaced the M9A1 in 1951 with the N.D.V.N., the weapon was not introduced into the Landmacht until 1954. The M20 and M20B1 were after replaced past the 66 mm Police in 1968, simply the bazooka remained in inventory for reservists, mobilisation, and other non-priority uses until 1989.^[84]
• Nigeria : Super bazooka M20^[85]
• Norway: Super bazooka^[86]
• Pakistan: Super bazooka^[64]
• Paraguay^{[ citation needed ]}
• People's republic of china: Large numbers of 2.36-inch and 3.five-inch bazookas were captured by the Chinese communists during the Chinese Civil War^[55] and Korean State of war.^[57] China as well copied the iii.5-inch as the Blazon 51^[87]—with a projectile 90 mm in diameter. The Type 51 can fire captured three.5-inch projectiles (i.eastward. 90 mm), but 3.five-inch super bazookas cannot load projectiles made for the Blazon 51.
• Philippines: Super bazooka^[64]
• Portugal: Super bazooka^[64]
• Republic of China: Super bazooka^[62]
• Rhodesia: Super bazooka^{[64] [88]}
• Sierra Leone: Super bazooka^[74]
• South Africa: Super bazooka^[64]
• Republic of korea: Bazooka, super bazooka^[64]
• S Vietnam: M9A1 and M20A1 variants^[89]
• Soviet Union: Bazooka^[49]
• Spain: M20 bazooka and improved designs (M53, M58 and M65).^[xc]
• Sweden: Super bazooka^[64] as Raketgevär 46, entered service meantime with the Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle as the bazooka was war tested and the Carl was untried. The bazooka was later completely replaced by the Carl Gustaf
• Thailand: Super bazooka^[64] every bit คจตถ. 3.v นิ้ว in Royal Thai Army, replaced by Type 69 RPG
• Tunisia: Super bazooka^[64]
• Turkey: Super bazooka^[64]
• United Kingdom: Bazooka^[49] and super bazooka^[64]
• United States
• Vietnam: Type 51 bazooka, used past Viet Minh and Viet Cong^[59]
• West Germany: Super bazooka^[64]

Run into also [edit]

• Bazooka Joe
• Listing of U.South. Army weapons by supply itemize designation (Group B)
• Blazon 4 seventy mm AT Rocket Launcher

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General bibliography [edit]

• "Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons", Bayonet strength, 150m, archived from the original on July 31, 2008
• Dunlap, Roy F (1948), Ordnance Went Upward Front, Samworth Printing .
• Green, Michael; Green, Gladys (2000), Weapons of Patton's Armies, Zenith Banner Press, ISBN978-0-7603-0821-nine
• Hoffman, Jon T., ed. (2011). A History of Innovation: U.S. Army Adaptation in War and Peace. War machine Bookshop. ISBN978-1-7803-9289-9.
• Jane'southward Infantry Weapons 1995–1996, Jane'due south
• Kleber, Brooks E; Birdsell, Dale (December 12, 2001) [1966], "XIV. The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Guadalcanal to the Marshall Islands", The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Gainsay (online ed.), Washington, D.C.: Office of the Main of Military History, Department of the Ground forces, archived from the original on April 29, 2009, retrieved Baronial 3, 2012
• Mayo, Lida (1968). The Ordnance Department: on Beachhead and Battlefront. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Ground forces.
• Rottman, Gordon Fifty. (2012). The Bazooka. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-i-8490-8801-5.
• Talens, Martien (1994). De ransel op de rug, deel ii (in Dutch). Breda: Brabantia Nostra. ISBN978-nine-0694-9032-8.
• Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume iii. Vienna: Herold Publishers.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bazooka.

• "How the Bazooka Team Stops Them"—December 1943 Popular Scientific discipline article on the early M1 Bazooka with rare photos
• Anti-Tank Rocket M6 Bazooka
• 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group page on Bazookas and Equipment
• "New GI Weapons", Popular Scientific discipline, October 1950—see pages 98 and 99

6mmproshop Full Metal 1:1 Scale Airsoft Wwii M9a1 Bazooka Grenade Launcher

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